1. Describe the role of the kidney in acid-base balance.

  2. Discuss the importance of countercurrent flow to the functioning of

     the nephron.

  3. Describe in detail the renin-angiotensin negative feedback loop that

     helps regulate blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate.

  4. Describe the structure of the nephron and the physiology associated   

     with each region.

  5. Describe the fluid and electrolyte disorders to which the elderly

     are particularly susceptible.

  6. Describe the negative feedback loop that stimulates thirst as a

     result of dehydration.

  7. Identify four reasons why infants experience more fluid and

     electrolyte and acid-base imbalances than adults.

  8. What are acidosis and alkalosis, and how do they develop? What are

     the primary effects of each?  Describe both metabolic and respiratory.

  9. Compare and contrast the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis.

 10. Describe the positive feedback loop involved in ovulation.

 11. Describe the cardiovascular adjustments that occur in the infant at

     birth. 

 12. Describe the events of early development from fertilization through

     implantation.