BLOOD GROUPING
Proteins on the surface of our RBC give us our blood groups. These proteins can be called
__________________________, ____________________________, or just plain antigens.
Although there are _______ different groups of these proteins, only ________ of them usually need to be
matched for transfusions. These groups are ________________ and _______________.
ABO Grouping
Everyone has ____ genes for this. One gene comes from EACH parent (we cannot get both from the same
parent). The 3 genes we might inherit are:
Gene A—put A antigens on all RBC
Gene B—put B antigens on all RBC
Neither A gene nor B gene—neither antigen will be put on RBC and we will describe this as O. O is not
really a gene, it is the lack of A and B genes.
A person with type A blood would have either 2 _______ genes or 1 _____ gene and 1 ________ gene.
A person with type B blood would have either 2 ________ genes or 1 ____ gene and 1 ________ gene.
A person with type AB blood would always have 1 _______ gene and 1 _____gene.
A person with type O would always have 2 ________.
A person automatically has _______________________against any ABO antigen they do not synthesize.
|
BLOOD TYPE |
ANTIGENS ON RBC (THIS IS DETERMINED BY THE _______ WE RECEIVE) |
ANTIBODIES IN PLASMA |
|
B |
|
|
|
O |
|
|
|
AB |
|
|
|
B |
|
|
If antigens on donated RBC and antibodies that are identified by the same letter found in recipient's
plasma get together in the bloodstream, the result is ____________________________--rupture of the RBC
and release of their internal contents. This would happen in which of the following?
Type A person receives type A blood
Type B person receives type AB blood
Type O person receives type B blood
Matching blood for
transfusions
First, the donated blood is types at the time of donation; the recipient is typed also. Both ___________
and ______________ groups are identified and these will be matched for the transfusion. Unless there is
an emergency and time does not permit, immediately before the transfusion, ________________________
is done to be sure the blood will be a safe match for this particular recipient. This involves mixing donor
______________ with recipient's _____________________. If no ___________________________
(formation of visible clumps) occurs, the match is suitable. If clumping does occur, there are 2
possibilities:
Unlikely but possible: a mistake was made in typing
More likely but still rare: one of the minor blood groups does not match and is producing an
unusually strong reaction in this particular case
Read over the section of how blood is typed. Then identify the blood types for each set of pictures. Remember that the formation of visible clumps means that antibodies and antigens of the same type (same letter) have gotten together. In each case below, anti-A antibodies are placed on the left and anti-B antibodies are placed on the right. A drop of blood is added and mixed and results are observed. Answers are at the end of the exercise.
1 2 3 4
Type ________ blood is often described as the universal donor. This is true up to a point, because these
RBC's have no ___________________________ for the recipient's ____________________________ to
attack. However, this blood would carry in with it a small number of antibodies from the donor's
plasma, which would destroy a small number of the recipient's own RBC. This is an acceptable risk, but
matching types is better. Since the Rh group must also be considered, universal donor blood should also be Rh _____________________.
Type ______ people are often described as the universal recipient. Again, this might be done if there is no alternative, but matching types is better. The problem is that if the donated blood is of some other type than _____________, it is sure to have _____________________________ against antigens A, B, or both. Again, a small number of the recipient's own RBC's would be destroyed. Rh group must also be considered here, so a true universal recipient must be Rh _________________.
Rh Grouping
People who put Rh antigens on the surface of their RBC are described as Rh _________________________. If no Rh antigens are found, the person is Rh _____________________, This is also determined by the ______________ a person receives. One thing that is different about the Rh group is that an Rh negative person does not automatically have ____________________________ against Rh antigens; these develop only after exposure to Rh _____________________ blood.
A serious situation occurs when a woman who is Rh ___________________________ carries a fetus that is Rh _______________________. This can happen only if the father is Rh _________________________. During pregnancy, a few of the baby's RBC's get into the mother's blood. She begins to produce anti-Rh ______________________________ as a result of this. Unfortunately, these can cross the placenta and begin to destroy the RBC of the baby. If a first pregnancy, this usually does not occur to a great extent, but large amounts of the baby's blood enters the mother's blood during delivery (or abortion or miscarriage), causing large numbers of antibodies to be produced. In subsequent pregnancies with other Rh __________________________ babies, a serious disease called __________________________ disease of the newborn is likely to occur. If subsequent babies happen to be Rh _____________________, they will not be harmed. Remember, in this situation, the Rh _________________________ mother is not harmed but Rh ____________________________ babies are. To prevent this situation from occurring, injections of ______________________, which contains anti-Rh __________________________ are now given. This cannot correct the situation if the mother has already been sensitized, but it can prevent sensitization from happening.
Answers to blood typing:
1 is type B
2 is type O
3 is type AB
4 is type A