HOT TIPS FOR 4TH HOUR EXAM

 

Know the structure & building blocks of DNA

 

Name & describe the exact function of the 3 RNAs—what are the building blocks?

 

Be able to match complementary bases between 2 strands of DNA or between DNA and mRNA

 

Know structure of a tRNA molecule and the 2 important spots on it

 

Steps in transcription in detail

 

Steps in translation  in detail

 

ALL about mutations

 

Practice with this stand of DNA:

 

1. Make a complementary strand of DNA below this DNA

TACGGGTCTAAGTGGACACCCATC

 

 

2. Make a complementary strand of mRNA below this DNA

TACGGGTCTAAGTGGACACCCATC

 

 

3. What kind of mutation is this compared to DNA in #1?

TACGGGTCTAGAGTGGACACCCATC

 

 

4. What kind of mutation is this compared to DNA in #1?

TACGGGTCTCAGTGGACACCCATC

 

Could you write a definition of these words?

Transcription

Translation

Transduction

Transformation

 

Be able to explain bacterial conjugation, including what happens & what is the end result with both a  F+ X F-  and a  Hfr X F-.

 

 

VIRUSES

 

Size

Main parts

Envelopes—structure & effects

 

Steps in viral invasion & multiplication of a bacteriophage—lytic cycle

 

Explain lysogenic cycle

 

Steps in viral invasion & multiplication of an animal virus—does lysogeny occur?

 

How are viruses grown for study?

 

Be able to recognize and/or name some viral diseases of humans.

 

Give a very general explanation of how a gene is isolated & inserted into a bacterial cell. What are some of the problems that make this harder than it sounds?

 

Describe the behavior of retroviruses.

 

Explain operons, including & describing all important parts. You may use the lac operon as an example if you wish.

 

Normal flora organisms we marked on the chart

 

Beneficial effects of normal flora & how they can sometimes cause harm

 

Reasons why Koch's postulates cannot always be followed exactly

 

Lots of definitions (be able to MATCH word with definition)

Opportunistic pathogen                 Normal flora

Symbiosis                                          Commensalism

Mutualism                                        Parasitism

Etiology                                             Symptoms

Signs                                                   Communicable disease

Contagious disease                          Noncommunicable disease

Sporadic disease                               Endemic disease

Epidemic disease                              Pandemic disease

Acute disease                                     Chronic disease

Systemic infection                              Local infection

Focal infection                                     Bacteremia

Septicemia                                            Toxemia

Secondary infection                             Prodromal period

Reservoir (of infection)                       Asymptomatic carrier

Zoonosis                                               Fomite

Vector                                                    Epidemiology

 

Facts about nosocomial infections from notes

 

Means of transmission of disease

 

IF YOU KNOW ALL THIS YOU WILL PASS!!!!!