A
& P II REVIEW
QUESTIONS AND DIAGRAMS
CHAPTER
17---DIAGRAMS: FIG 17.5 P. 582; FIG 17.20 P. 601 OR FIG 17.7
P. 608; FIG 17.22 P. 627
1. Describe the function of olfactory receptors.
What is the function of basal cells?
2. Discuss the origin and path of a nerve impulse
that results in olfaction.
3. Describe the structure of a taste bud.
4. Since gustatory receptors are not neurons,
explain how they can be involved in generation of a nerve impulse.
5. Describe
the structure and function of all parts of the lacrimal
apparatus.
6. Describe the location and contents of the
cavities and chambers of the eye. What is intraocular pressure and why is it
important?
7. Explain how each of the following is related to
physiology of vision:
a. refraction of light rays
b. accommodation of the lens
c. constriction of the pupil
8. Describe the structure and function of both the
extrinsic and intrinsic eye muscles.
9. Describe the structure of rods & cones.
10. Explain how photopig
11. Describe the path of a visual impulse from the
optic nerve to the brain.
12. Draw or trace the parts of the external,
middle, and internal ear. Briefly
explain the function of each part.
13. Explain the events involved in transmission of
sound waves from the auricle to the spiral organ.
14. What is the sensory pathway for sound impulses
from the cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII to the brain?
15. Compare the role of the maculae in the utricle
and saccule in static equilibrium with the role of the cristae in the
semicircular ducts in dynamic equilibrium.
CHAPTER
18
1. Describe the chemical classification of
hormones. Give an example of each.
2. Describe the
a.
activation of intracellular receptors
b.
interaction with plasma
3. Explain permissive effects, synergistic effects,
and antagonistic effects.
4. List the hormones produced by the anterior
pituitary gland. What are their
functions? How are they controlled?
5. Explain how the posterior pituitary gland can be
responsible for secreting hormones it does not produce. Na
6. How are thyroid hormones made, stored and
secreted?
7. Discuss the physiological effects of thyroid
hormones. How is the secretion of these hormones regulated?
8. Describe the function and control of calcitonin.
9. What are the functions of parathyroid hormone?
10. Na
11. Describe the location of the pancreas. Explain
the 2 types of tissue that make up the gland.
12. Explain
the action and control of insulin and glucagon.
13. Where is the pineal gland located? Na
CHAPTER
19
1. What are the major components of plasma? Briefly
describe the function of each. What is the difference between plasma and serum?
2. Fully describe the origin of blood cells. Be
sure to na
3. a. Describe the microscopic appearance of
erythrocytes.
b. Since
these cells as seen in the blood have no nucleus, explain how cellular proteins
can be synthesized.
c. What
is the function of erythrocytes?
4. a. Outline the various types of leukocytes.
b.
Describe the microscopic appearance of each.
c.
Describe the function of each.
5. Distinguish between leukocytosis and leukopenia.
6. a. What is a differential white blood cell
count?
b. Give
normal values for each type of leukocyte.
7. Describe the structure and function of
platelets.
8. Compare erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
as to size, number per cubic mm, and life span.
9. a. Define hemostasis.
b.
Explain vascular spasm and platelet plug formation.
c.
Explain the platelet release reaction.
10. List and briefly describe the 3 stages of blood
clot formation.
11. How are blood clots removed when the body no
longer needs them?
12. What factors normally prevent blood from clotting
in unbroken vessels?
13. Explain hemophilia. Include cause (be complete
and specific), signs, symptoms, and treat
14. Define: thrombus, embolus, anticoagulant.
15. How is an individual’s ABO group determined?
List the 4 possible ABO types and give all possible combinations of genes that
might produce each type. Why must blood for transfusion be matched?
16. Explain the Rh system.
17. Explain the problem and the prevention of
hemolytic disease of the newborn.
18. Why is type O-negative blood called the
universal donor? Why is this only done in e
19. Define anemia and distinguish between
iron-deficiency, pernicious, hemorrhagic, aplastic,
and
sickle-cell anemias.
CHAPTER
20---FIG. 20.4 P. 701 OR FIG 20.4 P. 723
1. Describe the 3 layers of the heart wall.
2. a. Define atria and ventricles.
b. Na
3. a. List the 4 major valves of the heart and
describe the location of each.
b. Briefly
explain the strucutre and how the 2 types of valves
operate.
4. List the parts of the heart’s conduction system.
What is
5. Make a chart to compare skeletal & cardiac
muscle in regard to:
a.
Structural components
b. Length
of basic contraction
c. Where
Ca is located during relaxation
d. Length
of refractory period
6. List the events which occur in a contractile
cardiac muscle fiber during:
a.
Depolarization b. Plateau c. Repolarization
7. Draw and label a normal EKG tracing, explaining what events in the
heart occur with each wave.
8. a. What is a cardiac cycle?
b. Na
9. What is cardiac output (CO) and how is it
calculated?
10. a. Define stroke volu
b. List
and explain the factors that influence stroke volu
11. a. Explain the effects on heart rate of the sympathetic
and the parasympathetic nervous systems.
b. How
exactly does each bring about the change in rate?
12. List the risk factors for heart disease and
circle the number of each one that can be modified.
13. List so
14. Heart murmurs most often result from
malfunction of _______. Explain the 2 common abnormalities that result in
murmurs.
15. Explain coronary artery disease and the develop
CHAPTER
21 FIGURES: 21.18 B ONLY P. 762 ; 21.19 P. 767 A & B ONLY;
21.22 P. 776 A & B; 21.24 P. 780;
21.25
P. 783 B & C ONLY; 21.26 P. 785; 21.27 A & B P. 790
OR
FIGURES 21.18 B ONLY P. 787;
21.19 P. 791 A & B ONLY; 21.22 P. 801 A & B; 21.24
P. 805;
21.25 P. 808 B & C ONLY; 21.25
P. 811; 21.27 P. 817
1. Discuss the importance of smooth muscle in the
tunica
2. Distinguish between elastic and muscular
arteries in terms of location, histology, and function.
3. What is an anastomosis?
Explain collateral circulation.
4. Describe how capillaries are structurally
adapted for exchanging materials between blood and body cells.
5. Describe how blood flow may be regulated in
capillary networks of a tissue that varies in activity level.
6. List the ways substances cross capillary walls
and give examples.
7. a. Explain forces involved in filtration and in
reabsorption.
b. What
is Starling’s law of the capillaries?
c. What
is edema and how might it develop?
8. What is velocity of blood flow? Why does blood
flow faster in arteries and slower in capillaries and why does it need to?
9. a. What is the cardiovascular center?
b. List
the principal inputs and outputs.
10. Describe the operation of the carotid sinus,
aortic, and right heart reflexes.
11. Explain the role of chemoreceptors in the
regulation of blood pressure.
12. Describe hormonal regulation of blood pressure.
13. Define shock and list the signs and symptoms.
14. a. List several negative feedback cycles that
develop to restore ho
b. List
several positive feedback cycles that arise in decompensated
shock, acting to make things worse.
15. Describe the 3 stages of shock.
16. Trace a drop of blood from the arch of the
aorta through its systemic circulatory route (arteries) to the tip of the big
toes on your left foot and back to the heart again (veins).
17. What is the hepatic portal circulation and
explain why this route is important.
18. Discuss the anatomy and physiology of fetal
circulation. Indicate the function before birth and the fate after birth of the
umbilical arteries, umbilical vein, ductus venosus, fora
CHAPTER
22
1. a. Na
b.
Describe and compare the 2 main lymphatic ducts.
2. Describe the structure of a lymph node. What
functions do lymph nodes serve?
3. Describe the role of the thymus gland in
immunity.
4. Describe the location, gross anatomy, histology,
and functions of the spleen.
5. Identify the types of tonsils by location. What
is the function of all tonsils?
6. a. Describe the
b.
Describe the chemical factors in nonspecific resistance.
7. Explain the functions of interferons, comple
8. What are natural killer (NK) cells and what
function do they serve? How do they select their targets?
9. Describe the three phases of phagocytosis.
10. a. Define inflammation and list the principal
signs and symptoms.
b. List
and briefly describe the stages of the inflammatory response.
11. Define immunity and list the major
characteristics of the immune response.
12. What are the 2 branches of the immune response?
13. a. Describe the origin of B and T cells.
b. What
is the function of the B cells?
c. List
and give the function of the various T cells.
14. a. What is an antigen?
b. What
are antigen-presenting cells and why are they important?
15. Fully describe all events in an antibody-
16. Fully describe all events in a cell-
17. If antibody production is the job of the B
cells, explain in detail why T cells are also needed in the production of
antibodies.
CHAPTER
23 FIG.
23.12 A P. 861 OR FIG. 23.11 P. 888
1. a. What organs make up the
respiratory system?
b.
Distinguish between upper and lower respiratory system.
2. List the 3 anatomical regions of the pharynx,
describe their locations, and explain their roles in respiration.
3. Describe the structure of the larynx and explain
how it functions in respiration and voice production.
4. What is
the bronchial tree?
5. Define these parts of a lung: base, apex, hilus, lobe, cardiac notch.
6. Describe the histology and function of the
alveolar-capillary (respiratory)
7. Na
8. Define all of the modified respiratory move
9. a. What is a spiro
b. List
and define the various pulmonary volu
10. Na
the
alveoli.
11. As oxygen is carried into the tissues (combined
with hemoglobin), explain the factors which determine
how
much of the oxygen is released to diffuse into tissue cells.
12. Explain the role of the following in
respiration:
a.
Medullary rhythmicity area b. Apneustic area c. Pneumotaxic area
CHAPTER
24 FIG. 24.7 P. 905; FIG. 24.14 P. 917 OR
FIG. 24.7 P. 932; fig. 24.14 p. 943
1. a. Na
b. Na
2. a. Describe the four layers that make up the
wall of digestive tract organs.
b. Are
these layers identical in all parts of the digestive tract, and explain why or
why not.
3. a. What is the peritoneum?
b.
Describe the location and function of the
and
greater o
4. a. Na
b.
Describe the components found in saliva.
c.
Explain the role of each component in digestion.
5. Draw a diagram of a tooth and label the parts.
6. Compare the deciduous and permanent dentitions
(sets of teeth),
eruption.
7. a. Explain the operation of the upper and lower
esophageal sphincters.
b. What
is GERD and what causes it?
8. List the four types of cells found in gastric
glands and na
9. a. What is the function of pepsin?
b. Why is
it important that it be secreted in an inactive form?
10. a. List and explain factors that stimulate
gastric secretion.
b. List
and explain factors that inhibit gastric secretion.
11. Give a complete description of the duct system
connecting the pancreas to the digestive tract.
12. Describe the secreting tissue of the pancreas,
both endocrine and exocrine.
13. a. Na
b. What
other component of pancreatic juice is important?
14. List the functions of the liver.
15. Draw a simple diagram showing all vessels which
bring blood into the liver or carry blood out of the
liver,
showing where the blood co
16. a. What digestive enzy
b. What
is the function of the bile?
17. Describe the structure and function of the
gallbladder.
18. Explain why and how bile is so
gallbladder.
19. a. Na
b. How
is the wall of the small intestine adapted for absorption (3 ways)?
20. Give the na
21. a. What are the principal subdivisions of the
large intestine?
b. What
are haustra?
22. a. What is absorption?
b. In
what simpler form are the following absorbed: proteins, carbohydrates,
triglycerides.
23. a. Na
b.
Describe the effect of each hormone on various parts of the tract.
CHAPTER
25
1. a. What is
b. Define
and give an example of catabolism and anabolism.
2. How does ATP couple anabolism and catabolism?
3. Explain the ways body temperature is regulated.
4. a. How are carbohydrates absorbed in the body?
b. How
does glucose enter cells?
5. a. Define glycolysis.
b. What
substance enters into the process of glycolysis and what is the end product?
6. Explain the purpose of the Kreb’s cycle. How is
it related to glycolysis?
7. Explain the electron transport chain.
8. Of glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, and the electron
transport chain, which require oxygen?
9 Define glycogenesis and
glycogenolysis.
10. What is gluconeogenesis
and why would it occur?
11. How are proteins absorbed?
12. a. Define the absorptive (fed) state.
b.
Under what circumstances does it occur?
13. a. Define the postabsorptive
(fasting) state.
b.
Under what circumstances does it occur?
CHAPTER
26
1. a. What is a nephron?
b. List
and describe the parts of a nephron.
2. a. Describe the structure of the filtration
membrane.
b. List
the things that are NOT supposed to cross this
3. Describe the location, structure and function of
the juxtaglo
4. a. What is glo
b. What
is contained in the original filtrate?
5. What are the chemical differences among plasma,
glo
6. a. Define tubular reabsorption.
b. List
things that are expected to be reabsorbed 100%.
7. a. Define tubular secretion.
b. List
so
8. Explain how the kidneys help control body pH.
9. Describe how the kidneys produce a dilute or
concentrated urine.
10. Describe the micturition
reflex.
11. Describe the following physical characteristics
of normal urine: color, turbidity, odor, pH, specific gravity. (Be sure you
know the
12. Describe the chemical composition of normal
urine.
13. Define each of the following: albuminuria, glucosuria, hematuria, pyuria, ketosis, casts, renal
calculi. (Your lab book has helpful
material on these)
CHAPTER
27
1. a. Define body fluid.
b. List
the principal fluid compart
2. Describe the major differences in ions in the
various compart
3. Describe how exhalation of CO2 is
related to maintaining body pH.
4. a. Define
acidosis and alkalosis.
b. Distinguish
between respiratory and
5. What are the principal physiological effects of
acidosis and alkalosis?
CHAPTER
28
1. Describe events in
2. a. Distinguish between diploid and haploid
cells.
b.
Explain why it is important that ga
3. a. Describe the internal structure of a testis.
b. Where
are the sperm cells made?
c. What
are the functions of sustentacular
(Sertoli) cells?
d. What
are the functions of interstitial (Leydig) cells?
4. a. Describe the principal events of
spermatogenesis.
b. How
many sperm are produced from one primary spermatocyte?
5. Identify the principal parts of a sperm cell and
explain the functions of each.
6. How do LH and FSH influence the male
reproductive system?
7. List in order the ducts sperm travel through,
both inside and outside the testis.
8. List and describe three male accessory sex
glands.
9. a. Describe the principal events of oogenesis.
b. How many ova are produced from one primary
oocyte?
c. Why
does this number differ from sperm, and where do the extra chromoso
10. Describe the location and function of the
uterine (Fallopian) tubes.
11. Describe the passage of milk from the alveoli
to the nipple.
12. For the
following hormones (GnRH, FSH, LH, estrogens,
progesterone, inhibin):
a.
What is the source of each?
b.
Which ones act on the uterus and what are their effects?
c.
Which ones act on the ovary and what are their effects?
13.a. Outline the major events in the uterine
cycle.
b.
Outline the major events in the ovarian cycle.
c. How
do these correlate?
CHAPTER 29
1. a. Define fertilization.
b. Where
does it normally occur?
c. What
is a morula and where is this stage normally found?
2. a. Na
b.
Briefly explain the
3. a. Explain the difference between monozygotic
and dizygotic twins?
b. How
does each type occur?
4. a. Define the period of the embryo and the
period of the fetus.
b. Most
major organs develop during which of these periods?
5. a. What is an embryonic
b. Na
6. List the hormones of pregnancy and describe the
functions.
7. Explain the procedure, risks, and type of
information obtained for each of these:
a. Fetal
ultrasound b.
Amniocentesis c.
Chorionic villus sampling
8. What is sex-linked inheritance?
9.. Define these terms: genotype, phenotype,
dominant, recessive, homozygous, heterozygous.