CHAPTER 1 FIGURE 1.12B P. 20
1. Define anatomy. List & define the various subdivisions
of anatomy.
2. Define physiology. List and define the various
subdivisions of physiology.
3. List and explain the basic life processes of
humans.
4. Define homeostasis in your own words and also
give the “official” definition. What is
interstitial fluid? Why is it called the internal environment of the body?
5. Define a feedback system. List and describe
components of a feedback system.
6. Distinguish between a negative and
7. Diagram a
specific feedback system using the following information: Our breathing needs
to be constantly adjusted so that excess carbon dioxide does not accumulate in
the body. Cells in the brain constantly monitor the level of carbon dioxide. If
the level rises, nerve impulses cause us to take deeper, faster breaths.
8. Distinguish between a sign and a symptom.
9. What is a directional term? Why are these terms
important? Try to make up an example of your own for each of the directional
terms in Exhibit 1.1 P. 14.
10. Define the various planes that may be passed
through the body. Explain how each plane
divides the body.
11. Define a body cavity. List the body cavities
discussed and tell which major organs are located in each.
12. Describe how the abdominopelvic
area is subdivided into nine regions and name them. List
organs in each.
13. Describe how the abdominopelvic
cavity is divided into quadrants and name each quadrant. List some organs in
each.
1. What is an atom? Using the periodic table, make a chart and fill in the atomic number,
atomic weight, number of protons, neutrons and electrons for atoms of O, Na, N, CL, H, K, C, He. Draw a dot formula
for each atom. Check your answers on page 29.
2. What is an isotope? A
radioisotope? Describe several medical uses of radioisotopes.
3. How are chemical bonds formed? Distinguish
between an ionic bond and a covalent bond.
4. Explain the meaning of the 2 lines between the C
and the O atoms.
O = C = O
5. Explain the difference between
6. Define a hydrogen bond. Why are hydrogen bonds
important?
7. How do endergonic
reactions differ from exergonic reactions? What is
the role of ATP in these reactions?
8. What are the principal types of chemical
reactions? How are anabolism and catabolism related to synthesis and
decomposition reactions respectively?
9. Identify what kind of reaction each of the
following represents:
a. H2
+ Cl2 à 2
HCl
b. 3 NaOH + H3PO4 à Na3PO4
+ 3 H2O
c. CaCO3
+ CO2 + H2O à Ca(HCO3)2
d. HNO3
à H+ + NO3-
e. NH3
+ H2O à
NH4+ +
10. Match
the following:
____Anion a.
H2O
____Atom
b. Na+
____Molecule of compound c. K
____Molecule of pure element d. N2
____Cation
e. Cl
11. How do organic compounds differ from inorganic
compounds?
12. Define an inorganic acid, a base and a salt.
Explain what is meant by the term dissociation.
13. What are the essential functions of water in
the body? Explain why water is an excellent solvent.
14. Explain the pH scale. Why is important to
maintain a relatively constant pH in body fluids?
15. What are the components of a buffer system?
What is the function of a buffer. How does buffering
help maintain homeostasis?
16. Define a carbohydrate. What is the main use of
carbohydrates in the body?
17. How are
carbohydrates classified? List the 3 main classifications and give examples of
each.
18. How do lipids differ from carbohydrates?
Explain the importance of the following lipids to the body: triglycerides,
phospholipids, steroids, lipoproteins.
19. Explain the difference between saturated,
monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fats. Why do saturated fats raise
cholesterol levels?
20. Define
21. What is an enzyme? What are some
characteristics of enzymes? Why are enzymes essential to biochemical reactions?
22. What is a nucleic acid? How do DNA and RNA
differ and how are they alike?
23. What is ATP? What is the essential function of
ATP in the body?
24. What are the building blocks of proteins,
triglycerides, nucleic acids and carbohydrates?
25. When many glucose molecules are linked to form
glycogen, each glucose is a _____ and the finished
glycogen molecule is a _____. The process of linking the glucose molecules
together is called _____ _____.
26. What is denaturation
of
1. Explain the structure of the plasma membrane,
including the associated proteins. Draw a diagram of the phospholipid
bilayer.
2. Describe the various functions of the plasma
membrane. List the factors that influence permeability.
3. What are the major differences between passive
processes and active processes that move substances across plasma membranes?
4. Define and give an example of each of the
following. Be sure to indicate whether active or pasive.
Facilitated diffusion Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Exocytosis
Phagocytosis
Simple
diffusion
Primary active transport
Secondary active transport
5. Define isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic
solutions. Describe the effects of each on these on red blood cells.
6. What is an organelle? What is meant by the term membrane-bound
organelle?
7. Describe the structure and functions of the
nucleus of a cell. Describe how DNA molecules form chromosomes.
8. Discuss the distribution and function of
ribosomes.
9. Distinguish between rough and smooth endoplasmic
reticulum (ER). what
are the functions of each type?
10. Describe the structure and functions of the Golgi complex.
11. List and describe the functions of lysosomes.
12. What is the importance of peroxisomes?
13. Why are mitochondria
called “powerhouses” of the cell?
14. a. Contrast the structure and functions of
microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments.
b.
Together, these three elements are called the ___.
15. What are the structural and functional
differences between cilia and flagella?
16. Describe the structure and functions of the centrosomes.
17. Define a cellular inclusion and give some
examples.
18. Define transcription and list the steps.
19. Define translation and list the steps.
20. Explain the genetic code and list the start and
stop codons.
21. Match these:
____Main blueprint a. mRNA
____Anticodons b. rRNA
____Codons c. tRNA
____Reads instructions d. DNA
22. Define
mitosis and cytokinesis. What is result when these
processes are complete?
23. Describe the principal events in each stage of
mitosis (in order).
1. Define the term tissue and list the four basic types
of human tissue.
2. What is extracellular
fluid (ECF)? Why is it important?
3. Describe the basic types of cell junctions and
the functions of each.
4. Describe the layering arrangements and cell
shapes of epithelium.
5. Distinguish covering and lining epithelium from
glandular epithelium.
6. Describe the origin, structure, and function of
the basement membrane.
7. How is epithelium classified? List the various
types.
8. For each of these epithelial tissues, describe
the microscopic appearance, location in the body, and functions.
Simple squamous Stratified squamous (keratinized)
Stratified cuboidal Simple
columnar ciliated
Pseudostratified columnar Transitional
Simple
columnar nonciliated Stratified columnar
Stratified squamous (nonkeratinized) Simple cuboidal
9. Define these terms:
Endothelium Mesothelium
Goblet
cell Keratin
10. What is a gland? Distinguish between exocrine
and endocrine glands.
11. List the three functional classifications of
exocrine glands. Describe how each produces its secretion and give examples.
12. Describe the classification of exocrine glands
according to structure and function, giving examples.
13. List some differences between epithelial tissue
and connective tissue.
14. Describe the cells, ground substances, and
fibers that make up connective tissue.
15. Describe these connective tissues: microscopic
appearance, location in the body, and function:
Adipose
tissue Dense irregular
connective tissue Fibrocartilage
Elastic
cartilage Reticular
connective tissue
Areolar CT
Hyaline cartilage Dense regular CT
16. Define
these terms:
Matrix
Ground substance
Reticular fiber
Fibroblast
Hyaluronic acid
Chondroitin
sulfate Macrophage Plasma cell
Dermatan sulfate Keratan
sulfate Adipocyte Chondrocyte
Collagen
fiber Elastic
fiber Lacuna
17. Define the following kinds of membranes, tell
where each is located in the body, and explain the functions.
Mucous
Serous
Cutaneous Synovial
18. Identify these tissues:
a.
Epithelium designed to allow distention (stretching)
b.
Single layer of flat cells concerned with filtration.
c. Forms
all other kinds of CT
d.
Specialized for fat storage
e.
Epithelium with waterproofing qualities
f. Forms the framework of many organs
g.
Produces perspiration, wax, oil, or digestive enzymes
h.
Cartilage that gives shape to the external ear
i. Contains goblet cells and lines the intestine
j. Most
widely distributed CT
k. Forms
tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses
l. Specialized for
the secretion of hormones
m.
Provides support in the umbilical cord
n. Lines
kidney tubules and is specialized for absorption and secretion
o.
Permits extensibility of lung tissue
19. What is tissue regeneration? Howdoes it differ from repair by stroma?
20. List and explain the 3 factors affecting tissue
repair.
CHAPTER 5
DIAGRAMS: FIG. 5.1 P. 146 5.3 P. 149
5.4 P. 153
1. Compare the structure of epidermis and dermis.
What is the subcutaneous layer?
2. Describe
the4 types of cells that make up the epidermis.
3. List and
describe the 5 possible layers of the epidermis, beginning with the deepest.
Which is not always present?
4. Name the 2 layers of the dermis and describe the
tissue that makes them up.
5. Explain the factors that produce skin color.
What is an albino?
6. Describe the structure of a hair. What produces
“goosebumps’?
7. Contrast the locations, duct arrangement, and functions
of sebaceous (oil) glands, sudoriferous (sweat)
glands, and ceruminous glands.
8. Compare the locations and secretions of eccrine and apocrine sweat
glands.
9. Describe the principal parts of a nail.
10. Outline the steps involved in epidermal wound
healing and deep wound healing.
CHAPTER 6
1. List & describe the 6 functions of bone
tissue.
2. Diagram the parts of a long bone and list the
functions of each part.
3. List the 4 types of cells associated with bone
tissue & briefly describe the origin and function of each.
4. Compare spongy and compact bone:
Microscopic appearance Relative amounts of matrix Location
Strength
Relative amounts of space
5. What is meant by the term ossification?
6. a. List the steps in intramembranous
ossification.
b. List
the steps in endochondral ossification.
7. a. What is the function
of the epiphyseal plate?
b.
Describe the histology of the various zones of the epiphyseal
plate.
8. How do hormones regulate bone growth?
9. a. Define remodeling of bone and describe how it
occurs.
b. Name some factors that encourage the building phase of
the process.
10. a. What is a fracture?
b. List the principal types of fractures
and draw a small diagram of each.
11. Outline the basic steps in fracture repair.
12. a. How does bone enter
into calcium homeostasis?
b. What
hormones regulate this process?
13. Explain the effects of exercise on the skeletal
system.
14. Fully
discuss osteoporosis, including:
Risk factors
Reasons it is more common in women
Preventative measures
1. Name the 5 principal types of bones and give
examples. What are sutural bones and where are they found?
2. What are
bone surface markings? Describe and give
an example of each.
3. Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeletons. What bones are found in each?
4. Name all the skull bones and classify them
according to whether they belong to the cranial or the facial group. Indicate for each whether paired or single.
5. Name and describe the location of the four
prominent sutures of the skull.
6. What is a fontanel? Name and describe the
location of the six constant fontanels.
7. What is
8. Another skull bone contains sinuses that do
not connect to the nose. Name it.
9. Name all the bones that make up the orbit.
1. What are the principal structural differences
between male and female pelvises?
2. Name all the bones of the pectoral girdle.
3. Name the 3 bones that fuse after birth to form
the pelvic girdle. What is the acetabulum?
1. Classify joints on the basis of structure and function.
2. Describe the structure of a diarthrosis.
Draw a simple diagram and label all parts.
3. Describe
the structure of a ligament. What is the difference between regular ligaments
and accessory ligaments? Distinguish between an extracapsular
and an intracapsular ligament.
4. What is an articular
disc? List some functions.
5. List and describe the 6 subtypes of diarthroses. Give
examples.
6. Describe the various types of movements that occur at diarthroses.
7. Describe the bones that make up the shoulder
joint and explain the rotator
cuff.
1. Using the terms origin, insertion, and belly,
describe how skeletal muscles produce body movements by pulling on bones.
2. Using the
terms lever, fulcrum, effort and resistance, describe the process of
straightening a bent knee. Where on the body would the muscles that produce
this movement be located?
3. Define the role of the prime mover (agonist),
antagonist, synergist,
and fixator in producing body
movements.
1. Describe for each of the 3 types of muscle:
location, microscopic appearance, nervous control.
2. What are the 5 basic functions of the muscular
system?
3. What are the 4 properties of muscletissue?
4. Define: epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, tendon, aponeurosis.
5. What is a motor unit? How are motor units
related to strength of contraction?
6. Draw a simple sketch of a neuromuscular junction
and label the parts. Briefly describe
the function of each part.
7. Describe the microscopic structure of skeletal
muscle tissue.
8. Explain the sliding filament mechanism. Be sure
the mention the role of calcium and the regulatory proteins.
9. How does ATP function in muscle contraction?
10. List the steps in muscle relaxation.
11. What is muscle tone?
12. Draw a diagram of a myogram
showing a basic twitch contraction. Label the latent period, contraction
period, and relaxation period.
13. Define the refractory period. How does it
differ in skeletal and cardiac muscle?
14. Explain how tetanus occurs and why it is
important.
15. What is recriutment
and why is it important?
16. What is the difference between isotonic and
isometric contractions?
17. Explain the various ways ATP is generated in
muscles, mentioning times.
18. Name and describe the various types of skeletal
muscle fibers.
19.
Compare the regeneration potential of the 3 types of muscle.
CHAPTER 12
REVIEW QUESTIONS FIG. 12.3 P 408
1. Distinguish between the central and peripheral
nervous systems and describe the functions
of each subdivision.
2. a. What are neuroglia?
b. List
the principal types and their functions.
c. Why
are they important clinically?
3. a. What is a myelin
sheath?
b. How is
it formed in the peripheral nervous system?
c. How is
it formed in the central nervous system?
d. What
is the effect of loss of the myelin sheath?
4. a. Define a neuron.
b.
Diagram and label a neuron.
c. List
the functions of the parts.
5. Discuss the structural classification of neurons
and give an example of each.
6. Outline the principal steps in the generation
and conduction of a nerve impulse.
7. Define: a. Resting
membrane potential
b. Depolarization
c. Repolarization
d. Refractory period
8. What is the all-or-none principal?
9. a. What is saltatory conduction?
b. What
factors determine the speed of a nerve impulse?
10. Describe the events of chemical synapse
transmission.
11. a. What is a
neurotransmitter?
b. How
does an inhibitory neurotransmitter act?
1. a. Explain the location and composition of the
spinal meninges.
b.
Describe the location of the epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.
c. Define
meningitis.
2. Define conus medullaris, filum terminale, and cauda equina.
3. Draw a cross-section of the spinal cord and
label these parts: gray commissure, central canal,
anterior gray horn, lateral gray horn, posterior gray horn, anterior white
column, lateral white column, posterior white column, ascending tract,
descending tract.
4. a. What is a reflex and
how do reflexes relate to homeostasis?
b. What
is a reflex arc?
c. List
the components of a reflex arc.
5. Describe the branches of a typical spinal nerve
and specify what each branch innervates.
6. a. What is
b.
Describe the principal plexuses and the regions they supply.
7. Describe the effects of injury to the four major
plexuses or nerves emerging from them.
CHAPTER 14
FIG 14.4 P 479
1. Name the four major divisions of the brain,
including subdivisions if any.
2. a. Where is
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) formed?
b.
Describe its circulation and functions.
c. Where
is CSF reabsorbed?
3. a. What is the blood-brain
barrier (BBB)?
b.
Describe the ability of various substances to cross this barrier.
4. a. Describe the location and structure of the
medulla oblongata.
b. What
is meant by the decussation of the pyramids and why
is this important?
c. List
the principal functions of the medulla oblongata.
5. a. Describe the location and structure of the pons.
b. What
are its functions?
6. a. Describe the location and structure of the
midbrain.
b. What
are its functions?
7. Describe the location of the cerebellum and list
the principal parts.
8. a. Explain the functions of the cerebellum.
b.
Describe the effects of damage to the cerebellum..
9. a. Describe the location and structure of the
thalamus.
b. What
are the functions of the thalamus?
10. a. Where is the
hypothalamus located?
b.
Explain some of its major functions.
11. a. List and describe the location of the lobes
of the cerebrum.
b. How
are they separated from each other?
12. Draw or trace a simple sketch of a midsagittal section of the brain, showing the 4 major
divisions of
the brain.
13. Draw or sketch the cerebrum and label the 4
lobes.
14. Define the limbic system and describe its
functions.
15. Discuss brain lateralization.
16. a. What is a cranial
nerve?
b. List
the cranial nerves by name and number.
17. Briefly describe the function of each cranial
nerve.
1. a. What is adaptation?
b. Give
some common examples.
2. Describe the receptors involved in touch, pressure,
vibration, itch, tickle, temperature, and
pain.
3. a. What is proprioception?
b. Where
are receptors for this sense located?
4. Describe how various parts of the body are
represented in the somatosensory cortex.
5. Describe how various parts of the body are
represented in the motor cortex.
6. Describe how sleep and wakefulness are related
to the RAS.
CHAPTER 17
1. Distinguish between preganglionic neurons and
postganglionic neurons.
2. a. What is an autonomic
ganglion?
b. List
and describe the location of the three types of autonomic ganglia, indicating
whether each is sympathetic or parasympathetic.
3. How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic
divisions differ in their effects?
4. What is dual innervation?
5. Describe the fight-or-flight response.
6. Give the effects of increased sympathetic
stimulation on each of these body parts:
lungs, spleen, adrenal medulla, stomach, intestines, heart,
arterioles of skin, arterioles of
skeletal muscle, smooth muscle of iris.